The Constitution Of A Country s Government - 1634 Words

In order to state whether I am in favour of this statement or not, it is important to understand the statement itself. Constitution is a set of rules standardising the power and duties of a country s government as well as the rights of its individuals. Currently constitutions come under two key terms; codified and uncodified constitutions. The UK and countries like Israel and New Zealand are a prime example of uncodified constitutions but that is not to say it is unwritten. Uncodified constitution is one that is made up of numerous written sources. Magna Carta , the Bill of Rights , Act of Settlement and Parliament Acts are among those sources used by the UK. Due to the existence of many written sources it would not be accurate to refer to the UK constitution as unwritten instead a more suitable word that can be used is uncodified . Uncodified follows the normal processes for enacting statute law in order to alter or eradicate, the constitution therefore there is no judicial authority. Codified constitution on the other hand, is one that is entrenched and has key constitutional provisions collected within a single document. This type of constitution is referred to as a written constitution. The USA constitution, as an example, was drafted around as lon200 years ago and lays down the rights of American citizens and sets out the power of the government in place. Malcolm Walles described USA smoke of gun powder and the UK constitution appeared out ofShow MoreRelatedThe Main Features Of The Uk1444 Words   |  6 Pagesor not the UK is in need of a codified constitution. The absence of a written constitution is peculiar in Europe , the UK is said to have a complex and comprehensive system of government which regulates the country. The purpose of this essay is to examine the present features of the UK s unwritten constitution in contrast with other European codified constitutions , an argument as to whether the United Kingdom is in need of a codif ied constitution will be formulated. This will be done byRead MoreThe Australian Constitution1230 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"The Australian Constitution was drafted at a series of constitutional conventions held in the 1890s. It was passed by the British Parliament as part of the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1900 and took effect on 1 January 1901. The Constitution is the legal framework for how Australia is governed and it can only be changed by referendum.† â€Å"A constitution is a set of rules by which a country or state is run.† Some countries have unwritten constitutions which means there is no formal constitutionRead MoreControversial Issues in the United States Essay873 Words   |  4 Pageswhen a new country is formed, there are many controversial issues. These issues come up when not everyone agrees on how the country should be run. In the United States, especially in the early years, there were various issues. These issues split the United States into 2 political parties. In the early 1800’s, these 2 parties were the Democratic Republicans and the Federalists. Democratic Republicans believed in a strong state government. The Federalist believed in a strong central government. Some ofRead MoreThe Articles Of Confederation And The Constitution1130 Words   |  5 Pagesthe official document became known as the Constitution and has gone unchanged for over 228 years. Although the Constitution was drafted to replace the Articles of Confederation, both documents had proven to have similarities as wel l as differences in regards to enlightenment ideals, federalism, and diplomacy. Centuries later in the 1940 s, American involvement in World War II, would also display the same diplomatic effects as the Articles and the Constitution. Enlightenment ideals were not only aRead MoreThe Constitution Of The United States1092 Words   |  5 Pagesa respectful effort by a new country and to create an ideal national government. Although to some states that form of government was not happy because the Articles of Confederation will soon become a disadvantage. The Constitution Of United States was established in 1787. The Constitution of United States was written as a set of rules for this country. Many of the â€Å"rules† have helped the country stay in order. The constitution gave more power to the national government than the Articles of ConfederationRead MoreWhy Should Ratify The Constitution803 Words   |  4 Pagesaccruing about weather or not we should ratify the constitution. This is an important moment in our country history because if we ratify the constitution it could make our country better or make it worse.We are at a crossroads in the history of our country. The Articles of Confederation are not wor king. They give the states too much power and are too weak. We can not pay our debts as a nation.The proposed Constitution would give us a strong government so that we can rise money through taxes. It couldRead MoreThe Debate Over Time Federalism1120 Words   |  5 Pages and was replaced with the Constitution Americans have today in 1789. America is now considered a country with a system of government called federalism. America has three main components to their federalism, National government, State government and Local government. The interaction between the National Government and all the States governments have a set of guidelines found in our Constitution; While state constitution sets the premise for State and local governments interactions. It is also importantRead MoreThe Issue Of The Uk1395 Words   |  6 Pagescomplicated question whether the UK really has a constitution in its modern sense. Back in the 18th century it was not even a question; the British constitution was recognized and celebrated for its democratic spirit, particularly by French Enlighteners and some of the American Founding Fathers. But since the Americans have decided to write down their principles of government into a document and to call it â€Å"Constitution,† and a lot of other countries, such as the newly-freed Latin American coloniesRead MoreThe Constitution And The United States1483 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout the Texas Government course, varies topics of Texas has been searched. There are fifty states in United States. Each state has constitutions, laws and government. There are some similarities and differences between the states. Although Texas is one of the biggest states in the United States, the question is Texas is the strongest state. There will be three areas that will be discussed, the constitution, the style of government and the immigration laws of both states. The first topicRead MoreThe Constitution Is A Living Document1269 Words   |  6 Pages THE CONSTITUTION IS A LIVING DOCUMENT At the end of the twentieth century, there have been 159 constitutions written for various countries in the world, 101 of them enacted just since 1970. France, for example, has had ten different constitutions including five republics, two empires, a monarchy, and two dictatorships. The country of El Salvador has had thirty-six constitutions since 1824. The United States, however, has the oldest written framework for the governing of a nation in the world and

Literature Final Free Essays

â€Å"Annabel Lee† stands as one of the most famous â€Å"death† poems of the nineteenth century, although it’s stature is certainly matched by Walt Whitman’s â€Å"When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom’d,† a poem which uses a number of   similar poetic devices, but rests upon an entirely different form. Like Poe’s most famous poem â€Å"The Raven,† his â€Å"other† famous poem â€Å"Annabel Lee† is steeped in musical diction and meter, with a view toward creating a lyric tension between the sweetness and musicality of the poem’s meter and form and the more profound and perhaps less idealized potency of the poems themes: which is human mortality. By combining technical precision with a theme of magnitude, Poe pursued his policy and prescription for poetic composition as outlined in his essays â€Å"The Poetic Principle† and the â€Å"Rational of Verse† â€Å"The Philosophy of Composition:† â€Å"the notions of his negligible ‘Philosophy of Composition’ and ‘The Poetic Principle’. We will write a custom essay sample on Literature Final or any similar topic only for you Order Now Its resources seem devices. Every effect seems due to an expedient. The repetend and the refrain are reliances with him — not instrumental, but thematic. At least they constitute rather than create the effect — which has therefore something otiose and perfunctory about it† (Foerster 239). The opening lines: â€Å"It was many and many a year ago/ In a Kingdom by the Sea† signal the intention not only to create a musical pattern with words as by the deliberate redundancy of â€Å"many and many† but also to posit and idealized world against that of grim reality. The repetition of many reveals that the ideal time of a â€Å"Kingdom by the Sea† has passed and this generates an immediate thematic tension. Similarly, Whitman’s poem begins with an evocation of time past: â€Å"When lilacs last in the dooryard bloom’d,/And the great start early dropp’d in the western sky in the night.† In both  poems, the hearkening back toward an idealized time first glimpsed at the poem’s beginning will recur throughout the body of the poem in both imagery and diction: in Poe’s poem, as an obvious refrain, in Whitman’s as a series of extended modulations of the original theme; with the free-verse poem flowing through many permutations of the original â€Å"lilac-nostalgia† imagery. It is worth noting that the formality of Poe’s stanza forms with carefully placed rhyme and  enjambment contrasts not only technically, but thematically, with Whitman’s sprawling free-verse form. The former carefully predicts the poem’s ending in the meter, the inevitable sway toward a definite conclusion, like fate. The latter’s form, loosed from metrical and rhyme constraints seems to â€Å"grow† rather than follow its inevitable almost mathematically destined end. The technical consequences are obvious: Poe’s poem will impress itself upon memory much more easily than Whitman’s and thus be received more organically; whereas Whitman’s (according to Poe’s doctrines) is apt to fascinate by virtue of individual images and lines. The thematic consequence is a different matter. Poe’s succinct and mathematical form serves to enhance the poem’s grave themes of personal loss and morning, sparking within the poem an indelible timelessness, an eternal melancholy, which is precisely the theme of the poem. One can imagine the poems meter and rhyme scheme quite easily projected into a musical melody without words which would result in much the same manner of â€Å"bright† misery. On the other hand, the free-verse   form of Whitman’s poem, were it projected as a musical number, might be more aptly described as an improvisational melody with a â€Å"pop† arrangement. The impact of the form on the theme of mortality, is to set in motion, the imagination’s perception that death contains within it motion, growing, an evolution of life and rebirth. â€Å"I mourn’d, and yet shall mourn with ever-returning spring.† This line with its conspicuous use of the word  Ã¢â‚¬Å"ever-returning† rather than â€Å"every†indicates the poem’s death-rebirth cyclical theme. Poe’s poem, by contrast, closes in a monochromatic, monotonic— one might say paralytic submission to death. Though there is a hint of release in the poem’s narrator rejoining his departed lover’s corpse, there is no indication of rebirth or of growth beyond this mutual oblivion. â€Å"In the sepulchre there by the sea,/In her tomb by the sounding sea.† This close is simultaneously an urge toward and away from death: but that ambiguity is trumped by the over-reaching reality of the â€Å"sea† which, in terms of the poem, indicates oblivion. At the close of Whitman’s poem, nature is viewed as sympathetic and in harony wiht the mourning of the observer; a cleansing and cathartic experience is implied. â€Å"For the sweetest, wisest soul of all my days and lands— and/this for his dear sake,/Lilac and star and bird twined with the chant of my soul,/There in the fragrant pines and cedars dusk and dim.† Rather than oblivion, nature offers brotherhood and renewal, as implied by the continuous symbol of the lilacs. Poe’s poem acknowledges and imparts the sense of life and death being in continuous friction â€Å"The angels not so happy in Heaven,?Went envying her and me† while Whitman vies death in life in continuous balance and integration â€Å"Come lovely and soothing death,/Undulate around the world. Serenely arriving, arriving,/In the day, in the night, to all, to each,/sooner or later delicate death.† Nothing could illustrate the contrast between the two poems and poets more than Whitman’s phrase â€Å"delicate death.† In â€Å"Annabel Lee, the delicate ones are the people, the humans who must succumb to death; for Whitman humanity is stronger than death and death is viewed as a part of the universal extension of human experience: it is delicate, not oppressive. This essential difference in the poems is reflected in their form and expression.   The more  controlled and fatalistic intonations of Poe and the â€Å"organic† reflective and lyrically introspective tribute by Whitman. In each case, the poet confronts the death of a beloved and reaches through their deep identification with the departed to a summation of the nature of death: for Poe is it everlasting oblivion, an for Whitman it is cyclical renewal. For both poets, the subject of human mortality provided fertile ground to create lasting poems that resonate across time. SECTION 2 Using a story each by Edgar Allen Poe and Washington Irving, describe how the Romantic writer used the supernatural to engage the reader’s imagination and then explain why Romantics were drawn to the supernatural Though many Gothic writers have earned a deserved reputation for a preoccupation with the supernatural, it is often the case that this same fascination, slanted toward the rational or â€Å"debunking† of commonly held superstitions and idea about supernatural forces, has been overlooked. Two good examples of this tendency are Washington Irving and Edgar Allen Poe, both of whom are well-revered as writers of â€Å"ghost stories† or â€Å"scary stories† which deal with the fantastic. However, both Poe and Irving posit a rational, anti-superstitious motif in their well-known stories: as a cases in point we may review â€Å"The Legend of Sleepy Hollow† by Irving and â€Å"The Sphinx† by Edgar Allen Poe. â€Å"The Legend of Sleepy Hollow,† rather than celebrating supernatural forces or positing them as actual forces at work in the real world, uses the idea or fallacious belief in supernatural forces to drive the story’s plot and them: â€Å"Irving’s denial of the fantastic begins with The Sketch Book, and, although his strategy changes, the goal remains the same in all four works. John Clendenning has noted the debunking of the Gothic tradition in the three famous inserted stories of The Sketch Book: â€Å"Rip Van Winkle†, â€Å"The Spectre Bridegroom†, and â€Å"The Legend of SleepyHollow† (Brodwin 53). The Legend of Sleepy Hollow is based in â€Å"the uncanny,† a genre which allows the reader to decide â€Å"that the laws of reality remain intact and permit an explanation of the phenomena described. In this case, we know that it is really Brom Bones, not the Galloping Hessian, who has pursued Ichabod Crane†(Brodwin 54). This is seemingly an anti-romantic idea: de-emphasizing imaginary or delusional aspects for those drawn out of pure rationality. Similarly, Poe in â€Å"The Sphinx†posits opposite minded characters, confronted with an uncanny experience, one which disavows the supernatural, the other, the narrator who claims :†A favorite topic with me was the popular belief in omens— a belief which, at this epoch in my life, I was almost seriously disposed to defend.† This is opposite the attitude of Ichabod Crane who expresses a disbelief in supernatural forces, but harbors a secret fear of them. â€Å"Because there is already a legend about the Hessian, Ichabod’s disappearance can be explained by recourse to the supernatural, although the schoolmaster’s rivalry with Brom Bones over Katrina van Tassel is the obvious cause. Once again the possibility of the fantastic is raised for the sole purpose of being denied;† in this way, Irving emphasizes the role of rationality in a disordered world. â€Å"Such a strategy indicates that Irving was not just parodying the excesses of contemporary Gothic and romantic fiction, which can be commended† he was also attempting to magnify the scope of fiction as both philosophically and morally instructive (Brodwin 54) Poe’s â€Å"The Sphinx† also posits the possibility of a grand â€Å"supernatural†event, only forthe purposes of debunking it through rational faculties. â€Å"Poe was also a born humorist equally inspired by parody and self-mockery. In an anti-romantic vein so common among the popular humorists of his time, he enjoyed applying his acumen to deride the outpourings of emotions too often surging from mediocre fiction and poetry† (Royot 57). If â€Å"The Sphinx† can be profitably viewed as Poe’s gesture toward self-humor and also as a gesture toward the supremacy of rational thought over superstition it is no surprise. Other tales deal in this fashion with the same themes most notably the â€Å"Dupin† stories: Murders in the Rue Morgue, The Purloined Letter, and The Mystery of Marie Roget. But Poe also dealt with â€Å"ratiocination† in other celebrated stories such as â€Å"The Gold Bug† and â€Å"Maelzel’s Chessplayer. For Poe, it was possible for supernatural forces to exist, as well as for misapprehension of known forces for those of supernatural origin. However, as a plot device in fiction, Poe was notably against the sue of supernatural forces without organic cause:â€Å"Objecting to incredible or improbable elements in the narrative, Poe claims that unraveling a plot by awkwardly appealing to the supernatural constitutes an affront to artistic standards. This censure of Bird’s idiosyncratic characters and extraordinary plot devices may seem like an early call for realism in fiction, but the review calls for more than minute attention to credible detail† (Ljungquist 9) In fact ‘The Sphinx† hardly reconciles its dichotomy of the known and unknown, the real and imagined: as a case in point we view his â€Å"explanation† for the apparition in the story, of the so-called Sphinx, which turns out to be nothing more than a beetle! However, the beetle in question posited as a scientific explanation for irrational experience is, in itself, a fancy of Poe’s! â€Å"Indeed, this synthetic bug is probably, through the story, the best known of all beetles, even if, like the â€Å"sea coast of Bohemia,† it never existed. Poe at times had almost an impish delight in the inaccuracy of unessentials. (Quinn 131) The appeal of the supernatural to Gothic and Romantic writers was both genuine and also as a sub-genre within to create cautionary tales regarding the integrity of human rationality in the face of what appear to be illogical, or supernatural occurrences. References Brodwin, S. (Ed.). (1986). The Old and New World Romanticism of Washington Irving. New York: Greenwood Press. Foerster, N. (Ed.). (1930). American Critical Essays, XIXth and XXth Centuries. London: H. Milford, Oxford University Press. Ljungquist, K. P. (2002). 1 The Poet as Critic. In The Cambridge Companion to Edgar Allan Poe, Hayes, K. J. (Ed.) (pp. 7-19). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. Quinn, A. H. (1941). Edgar Allan Poe A Critical Biography. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts. Royot, D. (2002). 4 Poe’s Humor. In The Cambridge Companion to Edgar Allan Poe, Hayes, K. J. (Ed.) (pp. 57-70). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.                                        How to cite Literature Final, Essay examples

Mixed Martial Arts and B.c. Boxing Essay Example For Students

Mixed Martial Arts and B.c. Boxing Essay Boxing also creates social issues, which include making people injure others for money, no sufficient medical care, ND the prevention Of injury, not just the treatment. The number Of injuries and other risks associated with boxing outweigh the rewards of the sport; therefore, a ban on boxing and all similar sports is necessary. Boxing is one of the most popular sports in the United States, and has been that way for over five decades. For as long as the sport has been popular, there has been many injuries to go along with it, Multiple hits to the head over the years can take a toll on someones body. Boxers who have been participating in this sport since they were children exhibit the most dramatic symptoms. One of the greatest boxers tot all time, Muhammad Ala, now suffers from Parkinson disease, Parkinson is often associated with constant head trauma, over a prolonged time. Diagnosed in 1984, Ala is thought to have sustained too many blows to the head during his career, leading to his fight with Parkinson. Boxing is not the only sport that causes these types of injuries, different fighting sports have nothing but harmful effects on participants. Boxing is still the main sporting event when it comes to combat sports. There are also many different sports that are similar in nature to boxing. Kickboxing includes hand to hand combat and well placed kicks to the body. Mixed martial arts, or AMA, is a Staunton 2 sport that combines boxing, kickboxing, juju-jujitsu, wrestling, and grappling. In many countries, such as Sweden, boxing has been banned for over forty years. Even though boxing is banned, many Swedes enjoy the sport of AMA now. President Of the Swedish AMA Federation, George Salted, tells Telegraph Online, AMA is growing rapidly. We have new gyms joining the federation every week (Davies). Mixed martial arts is a growing phenomenon around the entire world. Many of todays champions are from countries and continents such as Canada, France, Brazil, United States, Japan, and Africa. A number of schools have also taken boxing out of their physical education and athletic curriculum. A grade school principal in Africa, Dan Timeserver, does not see boxing as safe enough to allow in his school, He explains, Unless I get clear explanation on the mental effects of boxing to these young men and women, I will scrap it from the schools calendars (Were). Many principals and educators are unsure with the health risks that this sport poses. They do not want their students to have armament damage due to a sport in their school. All of these sports are equally as dangerous when it comes to health concerns for the participants. Health care providers suggest that even though boxing is bad for ones health, AMA is even worse when it comes to injury. Many doctors suggest a ban on boxing and all its similar sports, mainly for health reasons. Doctor Nanas Eject exclaimed to The Huffing Post, The purpose of this activity is to inflict harm to inflict damage. We need stronger legislation! This sport should be banned (B. C. Doctors Call). The objectives of all of these sports is to cause harm to the opponent. Staunton 3 People around the world believe that the intentional harm of another person is barbaric and should be banned completely. They do not want athletes getting paid to inflict damage to one another human being. There are many adverse effects of boxing, kickboxing, AMA, and other sports around the world, One of the biggest effects is the brain damage that these sports can cause to a person. .uc72834baff03a2a1cc09beb3e072de27 , .uc72834baff03a2a1cc09beb3e072de27 .postImageUrl , .uc72834baff03a2a1cc09beb3e072de27 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc72834baff03a2a1cc09beb3e072de27 , .uc72834baff03a2a1cc09beb3e072de27:hover , .uc72834baff03a2a1cc09beb3e072de27:visited , .uc72834baff03a2a1cc09beb3e072de27:active { border:0!important; } .uc72834baff03a2a1cc09beb3e072de27 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc72834baff03a2a1cc09beb3e072de27 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc72834baff03a2a1cc09beb3e072de27:active , .uc72834baff03a2a1cc09beb3e072de27:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc72834baff03a2a1cc09beb3e072de27 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc72834baff03a2a1cc09beb3e072de27 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc72834baff03a2a1cc09beb3e072de27 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc72834baff03a2a1cc09beb3e072de27 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc72834baff03a2a1cc09beb3e072de27:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc72834baff03a2a1cc09beb3e072de27 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc72834baff03a2a1cc09beb3e072de27 .uc72834baff03a2a1cc09beb3e072de27-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc72834baff03a2a1cc09beb3e072de27:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: All throughout history, the Jewish people have bee EssayThe author of a British Medical Journal Lancet claims, The most predictable and permanent reward is chronic brain damage (Wolcott). Doctors found that chronic brain damage was prevalent mongo boxers around the world. Most of the effects that boxing and other martial arts have on the body are permanent. Dry. Nelson Richards tells the American Medical News There is absolutely no way you can make boxing safe (Elliot). Medical doctors know first hand the effects on the body, and they conclude that boxing and other combat sports cause nothing but harm to a person. If boxing is not banned, doctors suggest that there should be precautions to make the sport safer. Doctor Teresa Deferrers told The Huffing Post that If you just completely ban it, Im concerned that it Would go underground or go elsewhere and there would be no opportunity for medical intervention (Cheated). With this in mind, new policies for checking the boxers health before, during, and after the fight would be very beneficial to the fighters. Doctors would also have the power to Stop any fight they deem necessary, if too much physical damage is done. Once the brain tissue has been lost, there is no way to ever get that tissue back. Studies performed on boxers and former boxers show that more than half of the observed subjects had some form of brain damage. Scientist Asana Unselfish proclaims, Our study shows that after bouts, Staunton 4 mom of the boxers had elevated concentrations of four different proteins in the brain fluid, which all signal damage to the brains nerve cells. Moreover, two of the proteins were still elevated after a period of rest (Study: Olympic Boxing). With advances in technology, people can now see the real effects that boxing has on the brain and nerves around the body. Many theses proteins mentioned can he found in neurological illness such as Alchemists Disease or Parkinson Disease. Many high institutions and schools have also banned the sport of boxing and AMA. The State of New York has a complete ban on AMA. In 1997, New York passed legislation that stated AMA would no longer be participated IM Many advocates for AMA suggest that the state is discriminating against the entire sport of AMA. Co-owner of the ICP, Lorenz Fermata, responds, Every martial art is legal in New York, boxing, kickboxing juju-jujitsu ?you can hold events in every one of them. Its kind of discriminating that you cant hold ours, when its just a mix of those. We think were being singled out (Oakmont). Supporters of the legalization Of AMA suggest that the law is outdated and unlawful. They say the sport has changed and is now safer for the competitors. John Nonunion, who is a fight promoter, says that Its Old outdated legislation written by people Who believe women should stay at home and look after children (Dwyer). A bill to legalize AMA has been passed through legislature, but it failed to make it to the Assembly Floor. There are many advocates for the sports of boxing and AMA People suggest that these sports would help the community. The advocates for AMA suggest that this sport, as opposed to boxing, is safer for the competitors. A study from doctors at John Staunton 5 Hopkins University School of Medicine found that The lower knockout rates in AMA compared to boxing may help prevent brain injury in AMA events (Miller). They also state that the public is becoming obsessed with the sport itself. Many people want to learn the fighting style of mixed martial arts. A lot of people are joining gyms and clubs to learn how to fight like the people on TV. The events themselves could help the community as well. A source from the Ultimate Fighting Championship states, A significant impact on state and local economies by generating tax revenues, creating jobs and boosting tourism industries (Lee). The worlds of boxing, AMA, kickboxing, and other combat sports can help any people, they do more harm then cool The health risks created by these barbaric sports is too much for one persons body to handle.

Pros and Cons of Airline Deregulation Essay Example

Pros and Cons of Airline Deregulation Paper Deregulation has brought charges that safety has been reduced in the transportation industries. Although theory suggests that safety might be lower in a competitive market than in a regulated one, experimental evidence shows that safety has not declined since the transportation industries were deregulated but has actually continued to improve. Even though deregulation and partial deregulation have brought great benefits to the economy and to the consumer, some interests have been adversely affected. In the airline industry, organized labor has been the principal loser. To this day, the major airlines are attempting to bring down their inflated labor costs. A number of airlines have established dual pay schemes where new employees are paid less. The deregulation process received a great boost in 1977 when President Jimmy Carter appointed Alfred Kahn to chair the CAB. This quintessential policy entrepreneur took charge at the perfect time. With a powerful intellect, a dedication to microeconomic efficiency, and a quick and infectious humor, Kahn set about reorganizing the CAB. Under Kahn, the board decided several landmark cases that tested open entry and unrestricted price competition (Civil Aeronautic Board 1978). The policy options, now, were narrowing. Early in 1978, both houses of Congress passed bills to liberalize regulation. Airline executives, such as American’s Crandall, faced with the prospect of a policy â€Å"that would leave the airlines half free and half fettered,† now shifted gears and called for the total elimination of economic regulation. In October, 1978, Congress passed the Airline Deregulation Act. President Carter signed it ten days later. We will write a custom essay sample on Pros and Cons of Airline Deregulation specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Pros and Cons of Airline Deregulation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Pros and Cons of Airline Deregulation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The act then place maximum reliance on competitive market forces. The Civil Aeronautics Board would automatically certify entry, unless doing so damaged the public interest. Fares would be flexible within a wide zone of reasonableness, and mergers would be readily approved. If all went well, the Civil Aeronautics Board would cease to exist by 1985 (Crandall 1978). The first year of airline deregulation was one of the most difficult years of the history, commented Bob Crandall. As an industry, Airline Company seemed bent on giving away the store. And 1980 proved worse still. All but two of the major carriers lost money, with American Airlines’ first half losses the worst in the industry. Passenger traffic slumped because of the recession, and the price of jet fuel had doubled again. Intense competition for key routes, with wild fares discounting, caught the industry and its regulators by surprise. The major carriers were not at all prepared for the suddenness of competition. Although the deregulation act had proposed an orderly phase-out of regulation, reallocation of routes and fare competition swept past the board’s half-hearted attempts at stabilization. By the spring of 1980, carriers were virtually free to determine the routes they served and the prices they charged (Office of Economic Analysis 1982). In May, 1979, World Airways, a former charter, offered a one-way fare of $108 between New York and Los Angeles and New York and San Francisco. This touched off the â€Å"transcontinental wars† among the major carriers, under-cutting revenues of more than $750 million, just for those two routes. TWA expanded the war to the semi-transcontinental market, matched by all of the other majors. Pricing madness went from bad to worse when Eastern tried to enter, with an unrestricted transcontinental fare of $99. World went to $88, the others matched, and the price war spread to â€Å"peripheral transcontinental markets of Boston, Washington, and Philadelphia (Praskell 1981). Hastily, the majors began dropping unprofitable routes and entering the potentially profitable markets of their competitors. Braniff challenged American in the Southwest, while Delta attacked American’s hub at Dallas from the East. Eastern expanded out of LaGuardia toward the west, and United contested more of the major city-pair markets connected to its hub in Chicago. Such unrestricted competition forced a dilution of yields, pushing break-even load factors higher. Accelerated hubbing was the clearest short-term strategic response by the major carriers. This practice, of concentrating connecting flights at a particular airport, had been Intense competition for key routes, with wild fares discounting, caught the industry and its regulators by surprise. The major carriers were not at all prepared for the abruptness of competition. Although the deregulation act had proposed an orderly phase-out of regulation, reallocation of routes and fare competition swept past the board’s half-hearted attempts at stabilization. By the spring of 1980, carriers were virtually free to determine the routes they served and the prices they charged (Office of Economic Analysis 1982). Used to a limited extent since the 1960s, both Delta and Eastern had developed a significant hub at Atlanta; United at Chicago; American at Dallas, and Allegheny (now US Air) at Pittsburgh. But hitherto, regulation had severely constrained the use of the hub-and-spoke route structure as an operating strategy. Only after receiving route flexibility could the majors contemplate the potential economies of scale and scope that the hub-and-spoke system had to offer. In terms of strategy, organizational structure, and performance, American Airlines’ adjustments to deregulation, starting as the second-largest, but least efficient of incumbent domestic carriers, was the most thoroughgoing and successful. As such, it provides the sharpest contrasts for examining the effects of regulatory change on business practice. Conversely, its size and revealed market power show how effective strategy, like regulation, can shape market structure to create sustainable rents. American Airlines was not prepared for deregulation. Its break-even load factor was the industry’s highest. Its labor costs were higher than the industry average and its productivity growth lower. Its fleet was the least fuel efficient, and its route structure the industry’s most fragmented. During the period in which regulation broke down (1968-1974), American’s management had made several serious errors: overexpansion into hotel properties, acquisition of too many wide-bodied aircraft, cutbacks in the development of computerized reservation systems, a failed merger attempt, and, finally, a managerial crisis. In September, 1973, George Spater, American’s chairman, admitted to making an illegal contribution to the Nixon campaign. He resigned, leaving American with operating losses, major organizational problems, and ruined morale (Serling 1985). C. R.  Smith, American’s colorful chief executive from 1934 to 1968, came out of retirement just long enough to choose a new chairman – an outsider named Albert Casey, president of the Times Mirror Company. Casey, a rough-and-tumble Boston Irishman with a self-deprecating sense of humor, specialized in finance, liked a lot of people, but knew nothing about airlines. His immediate challenge was to restore confidence and eventually, to prepare the organization for the demands of deregulation. The effects of deregulation on market structure and performance were just as dramatic as on industry structure, but not quite so clear. Several exogenous events, including the second oil shock, the air traffic controllers (PATCO) strike in 1981, and the 1982-1983 recession, also shaped the patterns of adjustment. With this qualification in mind, we can observe significant changes in the following market characteristics: first, entry and exit conditions, second, price level and pricing mechanisms, third, segmentation, fourth, distribution channels, fifth, cost structure, sixth operations, seventh, demand eight, service levels (and safety), and nineth, industry profitability. Entry into the industry and into individual city-pair markets clearly opened up as soon as the CAB lowered its barriers. Relatively low minimum-efficient scale and capital costs made this possible, but few of these entrants survived to 1988. Despite the hopes of economists, particularly those associated with contestability theory, the airline industry did not turn out to be frictionless (Panzar and Willig 1982). By building economies of scale and scope, by segmenting markets with strategic pricing, and by developing control of distribution channels, the incumbent firms responded strategically to create competitive advantages and eventually foreclose entry. As the data came in, economists revised their views of the industry’s contestability. At best, it appeared to be a transitional condition. Deregulation prompted an immediate reduction of prices and a continuing fragmentation of pricing structure. Here too, the early pricing responses seemed to support the logic of contestability. Even monopolists lowered their fares. Eventually though, prices stabilized in the least competitive markets and then increased. Price structure, meanwhile, fragmented into a wide range of special packages, discounts, and incentive deals. By 1987, the proportion of passengers using some sort of discount fare had risen from 37 percent (1977) to 91 percent (Airline Deregulation 1988). Sophisticated customer and competitor analyses, drawing on computerized data bases, was performed daily to optimize revenue by adjusting schedules, fares, and seat allocations among discount categories. This development should not have been surprising, in view of airline economics and a history of similar, although constrained, pricing practices. Commodity like, price wars at the outset of deregulation were partly the result of the market’s desegmentation. Carriers only gradually implemented strategies to resegment the market by price, service, brand image, and loyalty. Among the most striking features of airlines deregulation was the development and newfound strategic importance of distribution channels (methods of selling tickets). Under regulation, distribution channels were unimportant and unsophisticated. But with the transition to competition, customer access and control suddenly became critical for sellers, while the fluidity of adjusting markets caused extreme informational problems for buyers. Computerized reservation systems, with a relatively small incremental cost of adding a travel agency and huge economies of scale and scope, quickly became a competitive bottleneck that first movers took a tremendous advantage of. By 1988, American (SABRE) and United (APOLLO) controlled 70 percent of the travel agency channel, leaving competing systems (TWA, Delta and Eastern) with too small a base and other carriers in abject dependency. Accordingly, Frontier and ten other carriers brought a civil antitrust suit, seeking damages and divestiture of SABRE and APOLLO. The case was based on the essential facility doctrine – the same concept that the government had used successfully to attack the Bell System. Although civil charges were dismissed late in 1988, the Department of Transportation continued to review proposals for divesting the airlines of their reservation systems. Cost reduction was a predictable result of deregulation. The most dramatic and politicized aspect of this process was the deco sting of labor. Elimination of work rules, increases in hard hours for flight crews, and wage givebacks all contributed to lower costs. Continental, by reducing labor costs to 1. 33 cents per available seat mile, set a competitive baseline for the others. Delta, even with its traditionally nonunion work force, remained at the high end with costs of 3. 54 cents per average seat mile. Like American, every major carrier eventually moved to reduce costs across the entire range of operations, fuel, overhead, fleet and route structure, as well as labor. In all, the cost per passenger-mile traveled declined by about 30 percent 1981 and 1987. On the other hand, since November 1974 airfare increases have outpaced the rate of inflation, President Jimmy Carter (D, 1977-1981) shared Senator Kennedy’s views on this issue. In 1975, he endorsed legislation to provide airlines with greater flexibility to reduce airfares, ease Civil Aeronautics Board’s regulations on trunk entry, and made it easier, with some protections for small communities for airlines to eliminate nonprofit able routes. The airline industry strongly opposed the relaxation or elimination of national government rules concerning entry and exit of air routes and passenger ticket prices. During congressional hearings, they testified that head to head competition might cause ticket prices to fall, but it would also bankrupt many smaller airlines, leading to the concentration of airline service into just a few large carriers that could conceivably, control the marketplace and impose even higher fares on passengers than before deregulation took place. For example, Robert Six, chairman of the board and chief executive officer of Continental Airlines, Inc. estified before the U. S senate Commerce Committee that deregulation will not lead to a more competitive situation. Rather, it is liable to result in a period of initial chaos and ultimately in a situation in which most of the air transportation system will be in the control of a few industry giants. The aviation industry also argued that deregulation would cause service reductions and in some instances complete elimination of service along many less profitable air routes, particularly those serving rural states and small-population cities. They also worried that deregulation would frighten investors making it more difficult for them to finance badly needed equipment facilities. They also warned that deregulation would adversely affect air safety because price competition would force airlines to defer maintenance and keep airplanes in service as long as possible. The industry’s labor unions also opposed deregulation. They feared that increased price competition might make it more difficult for them to win wage and salary concessions at the bargaining table. While Congress debated deregulation’s pros and cons, Alfred Kahn, President Carter’s choice to head the Civil Aeronautics Board, was sworn into office on June 10, 1977. He systematically altered the Civil Aeronautics Board’s regulatory behavior to allow airlines to fly as many routes as possible and at the lowest fares that they could afford. As airfares fell across the nation, Kahn received extensive and very positive media coverage. Although Congress was probably going to deregulate airlines regardless of Khan’s actions, the favorable publicity concerning Khan’s effort signaled to many on Capitol Hill hat it would be political suicide to fight airline deregulation. Sensing an opportunity to destroy its new competition, the larger airlines systematically reduced passenger airfares on routes also flown by the new start-ups. The practice was called predator pricing. The idea was to outlast the new start-ups and later recoup losses by raising passenger airfares after the start-ups were driven out of business. The strategy worked for Northwest Airlines. Its discount pricing forced People Express to abandon its Newark to the Twin Cities route. Northwest Airlines’ hub was at the Twin Cities Airport. However, in most instances, predator pricing resulted in economic losses for all airlines. Eastern Airlines, for example, lost to much money trying to kill off World Airline coast-to-cost routes that it was forced to withdraw from transcontinental service altogether. Also, United Airlines nearly went bankrupt trying to kill off People’s Express. By the late 1980s, predator pricing and other factors forced many start-ups into bankruptcy and many others to merge with other airlines. Overall, deregulation increased the number of air carriers but American, Delta, and United continued their dominance over the U. S market. Deregulation changed the basic nature of air service in the United States. Before deregulation most airlines exchanged passengers freely at major airports, a practice called interlining. After deregulation, airlines tried to keep their passengers to themselves. They discovered that it was more profitable to provide nonstop passenger air service between several major hubs instead of offering point to point, nonstop air service to numerous communities across the nation. Conclusion The airline industry appears to be evolving towards the segmented structure that existed prior to deregulation a small number of large trunk carriers offering long haul domestic and international services, regional carriers offering short and medium haul services within geographic areas and commuter carriers offering very short haul services to small communities. In aviation’s formative years, this structure was developed and controlled by government regulators. However, today’s evolution toward the segment marketplace is being driven and controlled by market forces with low entry barriers. Regulation has been a long-standing and indeed necessary feature of the airport transport industry the world over. Many countries, however, are now questioning the effectiveness, and indeed the relevance, of such regulations. More generally, questions are being asked about the appropriate balance between public and private sectors in the industry, whether existing regulations and operating structures are compatible with the introduction of new technology and more intense international competition, and many nations have sought to evaluate more systematically the overall contribution, an costs, of their ports to both domestic economic growth and inter-modal transport systems. In short, the world’s ports have reached a critical historical juncture. To date, however, airport reform in many countries has simply equated with labour reform, or more precisely a derogation of employment and working conditions. The propriety of such reform programmed must be questioned and, on the basis of the evidence presented in this paper. In developing countries in particular, where social protection for redundant workers is often more notable by its absence, the adverse effects of deregulation are indefensible. Furthermore, the experience of many countries suggests that deregulation by no means guarantees any improvement in airport performance. In fact, the long-term result may be the opposite. In contrast, there are several countries/ports where significant improvements in airport performance have been achieved while basic standards of employment have been at least maintained, if not improved. Thus, in several cases, productive efficiency continues to be founded on equity and efficiency in the labour market.

Free Essays on Fuel and Energy

Fuel and Energy Nuclear power will be powering the Galileo. The Galileo will have it’s own Nuclear power plant. It will keep us loaded for all eternity. Fuel will be natural gas and delivered to us every six months. That is the maximum time you will be able to stay on the Galileo. Air For air it will be very simple. Just like a regular house we will have AC and heat. There will be oxygen tanks inside the walls, oxygen, heat, and cool air will come through vents located in the walls. The Galileo will contain a filtering system that will keep the air fresh and clean. After six months a ship called the Savior will come and reload us for another six months. Living Arrangements Living arrangements will be also very simple. The Galileo will contain one, two, and three bedroom apartments, complete with a kitchen and living room. The size of your apartment that you will be assigned to will be determined by your family size. The Galileo will also house a state of the art hospital, were all research and authorized experiments will be conducted. The Urratio Hospital ,named after Dr.Lauren Urratio the founder of the Galileo’s first research department,will have the best doctors and nurses that space can provide. Food and Water Supplies will be delivered every six months. Supplies like paper towels, toothpaste, soap, etc. will be delivered with food and water. The Galileo will contain two food courts, two grocery stores and a cafeteria. The food courts will have fast food and seat down restaurantes. The cafeteria will be buffet style and will serve breakfast, lunch and dinner. Clothing The people stationed on the Galileo will be required to wear uniforms. Each apartment will have a laundry room, with dry cleaning facilities also available. The Galileo will have a free dress weekend twice a month, with clothes that abide to the Galileo dress code. Activates This just in, a 24 hr.fitness facility will be... Free Essays on Fuel and Energy Free Essays on Fuel and Energy Fuel and Energy Nuclear power will be powering the Galileo. The Galileo will have it’s own Nuclear power plant. It will keep us loaded for all eternity. Fuel will be natural gas and delivered to us every six months. That is the maximum time you will be able to stay on the Galileo. Air For air it will be very simple. Just like a regular house we will have AC and heat. There will be oxygen tanks inside the walls, oxygen, heat, and cool air will come through vents located in the walls. The Galileo will contain a filtering system that will keep the air fresh and clean. After six months a ship called the Savior will come and reload us for another six months. Living Arrangements Living arrangements will be also very simple. The Galileo will contain one, two, and three bedroom apartments, complete with a kitchen and living room. The size of your apartment that you will be assigned to will be determined by your family size. The Galileo will also house a state of the art hospital, were all research and authorized experiments will be conducted. The Urratio Hospital ,named after Dr.Lauren Urratio the founder of the Galileo’s first research department,will have the best doctors and nurses that space can provide. Food and Water Supplies will be delivered every six months. Supplies like paper towels, toothpaste, soap, etc. will be delivered with food and water. The Galileo will contain two food courts, two grocery stores and a cafeteria. The food courts will have fast food and seat down restaurantes. The cafeteria will be buffet style and will serve breakfast, lunch and dinner. Clothing The people stationed on the Galileo will be required to wear uniforms. Each apartment will have a laundry room, with dry cleaning facilities also available. The Galileo will have a free dress weekend twice a month, with clothes that abide to the Galileo dress code. Activates This just in, a 24 hr.fitness facility will be...

Bioavailability And Bioequivalence Studies

Bioavailability And Bioequivalence Studies Each year so many drugs loss their patent protection and opens the door for the generic alternatives. In this way Bioavailability and Bioequivalence studies becomes most important. Bioavailability is defined as â€Å"The rate and extent to which the active moiety is absorbed from a drug product and becomes available at the site of action.† Bioavailability can be generally documented by a systematic exposure profile obtained by measuring drug and/metabolite concentration in the systemic circulation over a particular time period. Scope of Bioavailability studies: Development of new formulations of the already existing drugs. Determination of effect of excipients, patient related factors and possible drug To ensure the of quality of a drug product during the early stages of marketing in order to determine the influence of manufacturing factors, storage and stability factors on drug absorption. The systemic exposure profile of drug or metabolite obtained by measuring concentratio n in the systemic circulation over a particular time period during clinical trials in the early stages of drug development can serve as a benchmark for subsequent bioequivalence studies. Bioequivalence is a relative term which shows the absence of a significant difference in the rate and extent to which the active ingredient becomes available at the site of drug action when two or more identical dosage forms administered at the same molar dose under similar conditions. Bioequivalence mainly focus release of drug substances from its dosage forms and subsequent absorption into the systemic circulation i.e. test dose plasma concentration-time will be identical with reference dose plasma concentration-time without showing any significant statistical differences ,then test dosage form will consider as therapeutically equivalent to the reference dosage form . Scope of Bioequivalence studies: To establish relativity between different formulations used during the development of a new produc t. The therapeutic equivalence of a generic product and the reference product can be demonstrated. Development of a modified release form of a product which has already approved as an immediate release formulation. Development of alternative salt form for pharmaceutically equivalent drugs. Bioequivalence studies are designed to establish equivalence between the test and reference products. If test and reference products are found to be bioequivalent,by this one can expect that the test product will also be therapeutically effective. Bioanalytical method validation includes all of the procedures that demonstrate that a particular method used for quantitative measurement of analytes in a given biological matrix, such as blood, plasma, serum or urine is reliable and reproducible for the intended use. Bioanalytical method validation parameters: Accuracy Precision Selectivity Sensitivity Reproducibility Stability Validation documentation is done, by using specific laboratory investigatio ns ,which ensures that the performance characteristics of the method is suitable for the intended analytical use. The analytical method is applicable only when the validation parameters are in acceptable range. Types of validation: A. Full Validation Developing and implementing a bioanalytical method for the first time. Full validation is required for a new drug entity. If metabolites are added to an existing assay for quantification full validation is required. B. Partial Validation:

Some Aspect of Early Victorian Period in John Stuart Mill's The Essay

Some Aspect of Early Victorian Period in John Stuart Mill's The Subjection of Women - Essay Example Mrs. Mallard, the main character of the story is told that her husband has died in a train crash. With this information she sits throughout the story and moves forward in her life at least in her mind. The reader is told that Mrs. Mallard has a heart condition in the beginning of the story. Mrs. Mallard describes her plight with her husband. She cannot talk about anything she wants to talk about, she gets ignored and she has to mind her place. Mrs. Mallard resolves herself that she is finally free and she goes through a shift in her consciousness and decides what she will do next. Unfortunately at the end of the story she finds that her husband did not die in the train crash and her only way out now is to have a heart attack and die; which she does at the end. The short story does show how she was expected to listen to him and do what he said which supports what Mill says. An interesting point is that women today are not much different from women then although they have worked hard towards getting a voice. Kuhl describes spinsterhood during this time and the fact that women were to have "high moral standards" and that they were to adhere to "strict rules of conduct in marriage and courtship." Specifically she states: Based on high moral standards, strict rules of conduct in marriage and courtship, and a public lifestyle that would reflect pious dignity, women of the Middle Class were carefully conditioned and expected to live up to a specific code of behavior. The ultimate goal of which was marriage. It became the duty of every woman of the Middle Class to marry and produce children, preferably boys to inherit the newfound status and wealth of the class (par. 3). This statement creates an image of slavery for women of this time period because they were more breeding stock than part of a marriage. They were expected to do only what the man said and which is

LEAN Principles Implemntation in Practice Essay

LEAN Principles Implemntation in Practice - Essay Example One of these methods is the Lean system, which was developed in Japan by Toyota automobile company to help improve its efficiency. Integration of the lean principles in a company’s operations is considered one of the potential approaches for improvement of organizational performance. The principles have been credited with improving manufacturing effectiveness in a number of Japanese companies but Toyota is still unrivalled in its application of Lean through its Toyota Production System (TPS). Many companies have learnt about Lean production principles both theoretically and practically from Toyota but many still face problems implementing Lean in their companies (Spear & Bowen, 1999). This paper explores the process of Lean implementation through all organization levels with the aim of improving performance. The paper starts by examining Lean principles and how they are applied in improvement of operations before discussing the implementation of the process in a construction company. While discussing the implementation of the model in the company, challenges that may be faced in the process will be highlighted as well as the limitation of the Lean approach in the construction industry. The paper proposes a potential perspective of the Lean approach that can be considered by managers in the construction industry for sustainable performance of companies. The Lean model of operations management first originated with Henry Ford when he developed a manufacturing concept that involved a continuous assembly line with workers playing specific roles in the process (Holweg, 2007). This was the first mass production approach in the automobile manufacture industry and it was aimed at improving efficiency as well as reducing fatigue of workers by letting them work on simpler repetitive tasks which they could master and become proficient in.

Myth Being False and True Simultaneously Essay Example for Free

Myth Being False and True Simultaneously Essay One commonality nearly all past human cultures possess is that they attempted to explain the unknown through fanciful tales of Gods, Goddesses, Spirits or other magical beings that through some manner were able to control the weather and shape the world around them. Amongst these varied tales one particular set of myths stands out as being a common creation in past societies namely that of the birth of the World. It must be noted that nearly every single civilization that has come into being has had a creation myth as the foundation of their culture from which all other preceding myths are based upon. The reason for this is that it is basic human nature to try to question all that is around them and to attempt to answer these questions in whatever way is available. Since at the time of their creation most early civilizations did not quite grasp the scientific truths that we know of today as such they used myths to fill in the gaps so to speak. One problem with this method is that while they at times came close to the answer as to how the world was actually formed most of the time due to the exaggerated nature of some of the myths they were wrong more than they were right. What this paper will seek to do is show how the different creation myths of various cultures simultaneously got the facts wrong and right at the same time. Greek Myth of Creation The more popular aspects of Greek mythology are usually focused on the Olympic Gods and Goddesses and their various in fighting, squabbles and methods of interference with the people of Greek world one aspect that is rarely mentioned is the concept of how the Greeks viewed the creation of the world. Greek mythology states that initially the entire universe was composed of a great black void called chaos that was surrounded by a massive unending stream of water that was supposedly ruled by the ancient god Oceanus. This landscape of an endless stream of water and a great gaping void was said to tbe the domain of the Goddess Eurynome (Hamilton 1969). That in a desire to make order from the chaos she danced on the waves of Oceanus which helped to separate the sky from the sea and she also created the land from which she placed a plethora of creatures to populate it (Hamilton 1969). In some aspects the Greek story of creation did get some parts right when it came to describing the creation of the world. It is true that initially the early Earth was covered by a vast ocean with no landmass present at all and that there was also persistent storms that occurred as a result of erratic weather patterns at the time. It is also true that land masses were formed after the oceans receded and from this came the eventual rise of plant and animal life on the planet. In several aspects the Greek myth of creation was actually right however it is highly doubtful that a Goddess danced on the waves of the early Earth and created the landmasses we have today since there is no evidence to prove such a Goddess existed. Egyptian Myth of Creation Ancient Egyptian mythology states in the beginning there was nothing, that everything was darkness and all that existed was a great body of water named Nun. It was through the power of Nun that a great shinning egg came out of the darkness and this was the great God Re who could take many forms and was powerful enough that if he spoke of name that being or object came into being (El Aswad 2005). It was through Re speaking the names of the Egyptian gods that they came into being and the land, sun, stars and sky came into being. The one aspect that the ancient Egyptians got right was it is true that originally the was nothingness in the world and yes there was a great body of water on Earth during its early years however there has been no evidence to prove that a great shinning sentient egg caused the creation of the sun, sky and land merely by stating their names. Norse Myth of Creation Ancient Norse mythology states that initially there was a great void names Ginnungagap from which came a region of ice named Niflheim in the the North and Muspellsheim a region composed of fire in the south. It was the meeting of these two regions that melted the ice of Niflheim and created the frost giant Ymir who was eventually killed by Odin, Vili and Ve who formed the Earth from his flesh and the heavens from his skull (Columbia 2009). It must be noted that Norse mythology is incredibly fatalistic and is among the most depressing types of mythology to be read. It comes at no surprise that their concept of the creation of the Earth came out of death. All in all similar to ancient Egyptian mythology Nose mythology only got the notion of a formless void correct the parts regarding the formation of the Earth through the dead carcass of a giant is definitely wrong. Judeo- Christian Myth of Creation One of the most well known myths in the world today is the Judeo Christian myth of how the world was created by God in seven days. It must be noted that while it is true that this particular myth was the result of the early Judaic religion of attempting to interpret the creation of the world through God it is the time frame itself that is wrong (Mclaren 2006). While it may be true that there is a one true God the creation of world has been proven to have been the result of a process billions of years in the making. The myth did get several parts right though. The initial events of the creation of light could be stated as the start of the big bang, after which the creation of the starts, seas and landmass on Earth all follow a prescribed and accurate order as to how things were created in a step by step process. The creation of man though is something to be contended with since according to fossil records and Darwins theory of evolution man originated from apes and not from the ground. Aztec Myth of Creation The Aztec myth of creation is based upon the actions of Quetzalcoatl and Tezcatlipoca who looked down from their place in the sky and saw only water below. They attempted to create a mass of land on the water however a gigantic goddess that was floating on the water ate everything they made with her many mouths (Hofstadter 2005). As a result the two gods transformed themselves into giant snakes and tore her in two with her head and shoulders becoming the Earth and the lower part of her body the sky. From the hair of the goddess came the plants of the Earth, from her eyes and mouth the waters of the Earth and from her nose and shoulders the mountains, hills and valleys (Hofstadter 2005). The Aztec myth of creation is similar to that of the Norse myth of creation which states that the Earth was born from the decapitated body of a giant being. One problem with the Aztec myth of creation is that besides the point indicating that there was a giant body of water in the beginning of the Earths creation which is true the rest of the myth is highly inaccurate when considering the facts that are known today. For one thing, similar to this papers reaction to Norse mythology, the Earth was most certainly not created from the decapitated body of a giant goddess rather it was formed through the interaction of volcanic activity and receding oceans. Incan Myth of Creation The Incan myth of creation states that the Earth was originally covered in darkness and that from the lake Collasuyu emerged the Incan god Con Tiqui Viracocha who brought humans with him. When he emerged Con Tiqui brought forth the sun and stars and fashioned more humans from giant rocks that he found nearby (Feld 2000). When interpreting the Incan myth of creation it become obvious that while the Incans were aware of the concept of darkness covering the Earth it becomes clear that that myth assumes that when humans arrived on Earth everything was already formed and that all it needed was light in the form of the sun and stars. The Incan myth of creation is different from the other myths presented in this paper due to the fact that it states that there was no need for land and water to separate because everything was already arranged in the beginning. Besides the account of darkness covering the Earth most of the Incan myth of creation is highly inaccurate and is not an accurate account of what creation of the Earth was like. List of References Hamilton, Edith. Mythology: Timeless Tales of Gods and Heroes. Pg. 66 68. 1969. Warner Books: New York Ymir. Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th Edition (2009): 1. Maclaren, Alexander. THE VISION OF CREATION. 3-5. Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, 2006. Literary Reference Center. EBSCO. Web. 7 June 2010. Hofstadter, Dan. THE AZTECS: BLOOD AND GLORY. Smithsonian 35. 10 (2005): 76. MasterFILE Premier. EBSCO. Web. 7 June 2010. Feld, Evelyn Dana. The Inca creation myth. Calliope 10, no. 7 (March 2000): 36. MasterFILE Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed June 7, 2010). El-Aswad, el-Sayed, Jane Garry, and Hasan El-Shamy. Creation Myth: Cosmogony and Cosmology, Motifs A600-A899. Archetypes Motifs in Folklore Literature: A Handbook (2005): 24-31. Literary Reference Center. EBSCO. Web. 7 June 2010.

The Costs and Benefits of Funding Military Research and Development Policy :: Papers

The Costs and Benefits of Funding Military Research and Development Policy The central issues when evaluating the overall the United States research and development policy are the characteristics of a public good. A public good by definition is one that has a zero marginal cost of providing the good an additional person and from which individuals cannot be excluded. Research and development policy contributes to the level of knowledge and technology of the entire country. Knowledge, is in most cases, a public good under the aforementioned definition. Giving knowledge to an additional individual does not take away from the total amount of knowledge available, and exclusion from knowledge is often difficult to maintain. A market failure is often associated with public goods, and knowledge is not an exception. Regarding knowledge, and specifically research and development, the market fails to provide this good at adequate levels. The government then steps in to attempt to correct this failure through its research and development funding policy. The following paper details the costs and benefits incurred through funding research and development specifically within the realm of national defense. National defense is also a public good. The government provides national defense to correct the reality that if left uninfluenced, the market will not provide national defense at an adequate level. The U.S. government funds research and development in the area of defense at a much greater level than any other. Background Major policy initiatives were undertaken during the Reagan and Bush administrations in order to research and develop technologies that would aid in the Cold War. This was the era of Reagan’s arms stockpiling that pushed the defense budget to nearly three times the amount it is today, maxing out at just over $800 billion. (Stiglitz, 332) Policymakers were concerned with creating weapons and technology that were more sophisticated than those of the Soviet Union. Programs such as the semiconductor research consortium, SEMATECH, the Defense department’s Technology Reinvestment Program (TRP) and the Advanced Technology Program (ATP) grew out of these years all of which took advantage of defense funding to establish dual-use technologies, that is technologies with specific uses to both the civilian market and the military. In 1986, the Federal Technology Transfer Act was established to allow federal laboratories to conduct cooperative research and development agreements (CRADAs) with private firms. The Reagan and Bush era policies supported high technology research and development that related to both the civilian market and to the military.

Reflection

Reflection about the learning modules and simulation Chapter 8 This module was very Informative. The module provided detail Information In regards to the history and the organizations of the courts. Looking back on the primitive days leading up to modern day court system the same elements still exist. The best module I liked was the courtroom rules. In this module, it showed the key player and their roles. Now I have a better understand as to what each duty is. I learned the difference between grand Jury and trial Jury.Grand Jury, may consist of up to 23 Jurors, and serve for a particular period and may serve on multiple Juries at one time. They handle cases that are high-profile. They are able to require testimony and tangible evidences. This juror is used to bring an indictment protects law enforcement from accusation of bias. Trial Juror consists of 6-12 Jurors, serve only for the duration of the trial and decides the facts of the case with very strict and controlled procedures by the Judge. In addition to the module. The video was helpful because It describes a typical day of a judge.The video was like a real life experience working as a judge, prosecutor, and a defense attorney. In the second video, relating to issue 1: The affect of the backlog of cases on the court, she discussed how long it takes to complete one case, approximately 15 hours. She also describes how CO Simpson case moved fairly quickly through the court processes the courts. The activities were very helpful. They were like a refresher at the end of the reading and knowledge check. I enjoy these activities because It a good interaction tool with learning and having fun at the same time. Reflection CHRISTINE N. MONTIAGUE 1MTO1 REFLECTION PAPER â€Å" OUTREACH PROGRAM† Being a part of this outreach program makes me feel very honored and thankful. Honestly, this is the first time in my entire life to be included in this kind of program. At that time, I feel nervous but at the same time excited since it will be a new experience for me. When we already arrived at the location, I felt very happy seeing the â€Å"lolo’s† and lola’s† waiting for us.I can see the happiness and excitement in their faces as soon as we enter the hall. After the program has been started, we have given a chance to talk to them one by one. I found out a lot of things about them like how did they end being there, their everyday lifestyle and so on. They open up stories about their families and past events. I was holding back my tears as they talk about their life. I felt saddened because their family abandoned them and there is no one who visits them daily.For me, even if my grandma or grandpa comes to a point when they don’t recognize me anymore, I’m not going to leave them instead I’m going to give my best to take care of them and give them love and care. There was one â€Å"lola† who I’ve been attached the most. Every time I talk to her, she always ask what grade am I in and I always told her that I’m taking up Med Tech as a first year student. For the record, she repeated this question almost 10 times but still I understand why she does that.Talking to each one of them reminds me of my lola in the province that I haven’t seen for a long time. I felt very emotional since the beginning until the end of the program. I had a lot of fun taking pictures, dancing and playing with them. I want to cherish all of them in my heart. Actually, that day I haven’t taken up my breakfast but after seeing their faces and knowing that their having fun I didn’t feel any hunger even an inch of hunger, there is none.You can never explain the feeling of helping other people because of a lot of emotions building up in you. I want to share all the experiences I had to other people so that as an individual they will realize how it is to help people whole-heartedly. CHRISTINE N. MONTIAGUEMAM AHNIEL 1MTO1 1. Kung bibigyan pa ako ng pagkakataong bumalik bilang pagkabata, nais ko sanang maranasan ulit ang pakiramadam na makarga ulit ng aking mga magulang dahil sa tuwing ginagawa nila ito sa akin noong ako’y bata pa, pakiramdam ko’y mahal na mahal nila ako.Gusto kong balikan ang mga panahong nagagawa ko pa lahat ng mga bagay na walang akong inaalala at saka ang pakikipaglaro sa labas ng aming bahay hanggang sa gumabi na at tawagin na ako ng aking nanay. Mga panahong ang alam mo lamang ay ang paglalaro at hindi sumasagi sa inyong isipan ang mga problema. Sana ay maranasan ko ulit sila. 2. Malaki na ang pinagbago ng mga kabataan ngayon kung ikukumpara mo ito sa mga nagdaang panahon. Unang-una ay ang pagkakalulong ng mga kabataan sa bisyo.Sa panahon ngayon, halos hindi na mabilang ang mga taong lulong sa droga, sigarilyo at alak. Kahit anong bawal sa kanila, sarili pa rin nila ang kanilang sinusunod. Hindi naman nagkulang ang mga magulang natin sa pagpapa alala sa atin kung ano ang tamang Gawain sa hindi. 3. Bilang isang magulang, kinakailangan na ikaw ang magiging â€Å"role model† ng iyong anak. Sa medaling salita, kailangan magsimula muna sa iyo ang lahat dahil ikaw ang tinutularan ng iyong anak kung kaya bilang isang ina dapat maipakita ko sa aking anak na ang mga ginagawa ko ay mabuti at nasa tama.Kapag nahubog ko na ang aking sarli, maari na akong magpalaki ng isang mabuting anak. Bata pa lamang siya, gusto ko ng ipaalam sa kanya ang bagay na hindi dapat niya gawin at mga bagay na dapat niyang gawin. Hindi sa lahat ng panahon, mapagbibigyan ko lahat ng nais niya. Habang siya ay tumatanda, gusto ko nasa tabi niya ako palagi para kung may katanungan m an siya sa mga bagay na naguguluhan siya ay may matatakbuhan siya at makahahanap siya ng tamang sagot. Higit sa lahat, maipakita ko na siya ang buhay ko. Reflection CHRISTINE N. MONTIAGUE 1MTO1 REFLECTION PAPER â€Å" OUTREACH PROGRAM† Being a part of this outreach program makes me feel very honored and thankful. Honestly, this is the first time in my entire life to be included in this kind of program. At that time, I feel nervous but at the same time excited since it will be a new experience for me. When we already arrived at the location, I felt very happy seeing the â€Å"lolo’s† and lola’s† waiting for us.I can see the happiness and excitement in their faces as soon as we enter the hall. After the program has been started, we have given a chance to talk to them one by one. I found out a lot of things about them like how did they end being there, their everyday lifestyle and so on. They open up stories about their families and past events. I was holding back my tears as they talk about their life. I felt saddened because their family abandoned them and there is no one who visits them daily.For me, even if my grandma or grandpa comes to a point when they don’t recognize me anymore, I’m not going to leave them instead I’m going to give my best to take care of them and give them love and care. There was one â€Å"lola† who I’ve been attached the most. Every time I talk to her, she always ask what grade am I in and I always told her that I’m taking up Med Tech as a first year student. For the record, she repeated this question almost 10 times but still I understand why she does that.Talking to each one of them reminds me of my lola in the province that I haven’t seen for a long time. I felt very emotional since the beginning until the end of the program. I had a lot of fun taking pictures, dancing and playing with them. I want to cherish all of them in my heart. Actually, that day I haven’t taken up my breakfast but after seeing their faces and knowing that their having fun I didn’t feel any hunger even an inch of hunger, there is none.You can never explain the feeling of helping other people because of a lot of emotions building up in you. I want to share all the experiences I had to other people so that as an individual they will realize how it is to help people whole-heartedly. CHRISTINE N. MONTIAGUEMAM AHNIEL 1MTO1 1. Kung bibigyan pa ako ng pagkakataong bumalik bilang pagkabata, nais ko sanang maranasan ulit ang pakiramadam na makarga ulit ng aking mga magulang dahil sa tuwing ginagawa nila ito sa akin noong ako’y bata pa, pakiramdam ko’y mahal na mahal nila ako.Gusto kong balikan ang mga panahong nagagawa ko pa lahat ng mga bagay na walang akong inaalala at saka ang pakikipaglaro sa labas ng aming bahay hanggang sa gumabi na at tawagin na ako ng aking nanay. Mga panahong ang alam mo lamang ay ang paglalaro at hindi sumasagi sa inyong isipan ang mga problema. Sana ay maranasan ko ulit sila. 2. Malaki na ang pinagbago ng mga kabataan ngayon kung ikukumpara mo ito sa mga nagdaang panahon. Unang-una ay ang pagkakalulong ng mga kabataan sa bisyo.Sa panahon ngayon, halos hindi na mabilang ang mga taong lulong sa droga, sigarilyo at alak. Kahit anong bawal sa kanila, sarili pa rin nila ang kanilang sinusunod. Hindi naman nagkulang ang mga magulang natin sa pagpapa alala sa atin kung ano ang tamang Gawain sa hindi. 3. Bilang isang magulang, kinakailangan na ikaw ang magiging â€Å"role model† ng iyong anak. Sa medaling salita, kailangan magsimula muna sa iyo ang lahat dahil ikaw ang tinutularan ng iyong anak kung kaya bilang isang ina dapat maipakita ko sa aking anak na ang mga ginagawa ko ay mabuti at nasa tama.Kapag nahubog ko na ang aking sarli, maari na akong magpalaki ng isang mabuting anak. Bata pa lamang siya, gusto ko ng ipaalam sa kanya ang bagay na hindi dapat niya gawin at mga bagay na dapat niyang gawin. Hindi sa lahat ng panahon, mapagbibigyan ko lahat ng nais niya. Habang siya ay tumatanda, gusto ko nasa tabi niya ako palagi para kung may katanungan m an siya sa mga bagay na naguguluhan siya ay may matatakbuhan siya at makahahanap siya ng tamang sagot. Higit sa lahat, maipakita ko na siya ang buhay ko. Reflection Reflection about the learning modules and simulation Chapter 8 This module was very Informative. The module provided detail Information In regards to the history and the organizations of the courts. Looking back on the primitive days leading up to modern day court system the same elements still exist. The best module I liked was the courtroom rules. In this module, it showed the key player and their roles. Now I have a better understand as to what each duty is. I learned the difference between grand Jury and trial Jury.Grand Jury, may consist of up to 23 Jurors, and serve for a particular period and may serve on multiple Juries at one time. They handle cases that are high-profile. They are able to require testimony and tangible evidences. This juror is used to bring an indictment protects law enforcement from accusation of bias. Trial Juror consists of 6-12 Jurors, serve only for the duration of the trial and decides the facts of the case with very strict and controlled procedures by the Judge. In addition to the module. The video was helpful because It describes a typical day of a judge.The video was like a real life experience working as a judge, prosecutor, and a defense attorney. In the second video, relating to issue 1: The affect of the backlog of cases on the court, she discussed how long it takes to complete one case, approximately 15 hours. She also describes how CO Simpson case moved fairly quickly through the court processes the courts. The activities were very helpful. They were like a refresher at the end of the reading and knowledge check. I enjoy these activities because It a good interaction tool with learning and having fun at the same time. Reflection This essay will reflect upon an incident in practice when I administered a drug to a child. I will use Gibbs reflective model (Gibbs 1988)(see appendix 1). This model of reflection will be applied to the essay to facilitate critical thought and relating theory to practice where the model allows. Discussion on the incident will include the knowledge underpinning practice and the evidence base for the administration of the drug. A conclusion to the essay will then be given which will discuss my knowledge and competence of the incidence being reflected upon. The drug that I have chosen to reflect upon is Fragmin (see Drug Profile 1 Appendix 2) which was administered as a parenteral subcutaneous injection to a 14 year old girl, who shall remain anonymous for the purpose of patient confidentiality in accordance with the regulations of the NMC (2008). I have chosen to reflect on this drug as it was the first injection I had given during my training which encouraged me to further develop my knowledge within this area. The first stage of Gibbs model (1988) of reflection requires a description of events (see Appendix 3). The next stage of Gibbs (1988) reflective cycle is related to thoughts and feelings aroused during the event which I can use to reflect upon (see appendix 4). The third stage of Gibbs (1988) model of reflection encourages exploration of both positive and negative experiences encountered and I have chosen a few that I propose to discuss further within this reflection. Throughout the incident the correct hospital policy was followed by my mentor in relation to preparing and administering an injection. However I was not familiar with this policy which could have negatively affected my practice as Grey (2008) suggests, that when administering medication by the parenteral routes, familiarization with local drug administration policy is essential. The patient’s initial refusal of the injection into the abdomen made me think about the child’s rights in refusing to consent to the administration of a medication as I was aware that the law states that anyone under the age of 18 is a child (Children Act 1989, section 105) and as such there are certain matters with which they are not able to make their own decisions. The patient’s refusal to allow me to use the abdomen as an injection site also made me question my knowledge base on this subject, as I did not know where I would have injected in the abdomen if consent had been given. I also realized at that point that I have no knowledge on why different injection sites are used and for what purpose as studies suggest that the selection of the injection site will vary depending on the size and age of the child (Cocoman, 2008). It was only through my mentor’s guidance that I felt confident on allowing the change of the site. Stage four Gibbs (1988), is the critical analysis. After reflecting on this incident I will now analyse what I feel are the most important aspects by looking at the evidence underpinning it. References Cocoman, A. , & Barron, C. (2008). ‘Administering subcutaneous injections to children: what does the evidence say? ’ Journal of Children’s and Young People’s Nursing, 2 (2), pp: 84-89 Gray, T. , Miller H. (2008) ‘Injection technique’, The Foundation Years, 4 (6), pp: 252-255 Royal Cornwall Hospital NHS Trust: ‘Medicines Policy’ Available at: http://www. rcht. nhs. uk/DocumentsLibrary/RoyalCornwallHospitalsTrust/Clinical/Pharmacy/RulesAndGuidanceOnOrderingStoringAndAdministeringMedicines. df (accessed on 30/05/2011) Appendices Appendix 1 This model of reflection incorporates description, feelings, evaluation analysis, conclusion and an action plan (Gibbs 1988). Appendix 3 I was asked if I would like to administer a subcutaneous fragmin injection under supervision, to a 14 year old gir l. The medication was in a pre-prepared syringe in the clean prep room by following local hospital policy. However, on inspection of the injection, I did question the need for the air bubble within the syringe but was assured by my mentor that it is normal to find an air bubble in a pre-prepared syringe and to leave it there for administration. The medication was checked by another staff nurse in accordance to local policy and my mentor and I approached the patient. The patient was lying in bed with no relatives present and I asked consent before administration. The patient became a little distressed at this point and refused to have the injection in her abdomen saying it was too painful, however she did consent to me using her upper arm for the site and after onfirming this with my mentor I proceeded to administer the medication with no further complications. Appendix 4 My initial feeling after being asked to administer the Fragmin injection was apprehension, as I had not administered an injection before in practice. As I was administering it under the supervision of my mentor this made me feel very nervous and self conscious, however I also acknowledged the fact that I should appear confident and at ease in front of the patient as she was herself showing signs of distress. After the patient’s initial refusal I began to doubt my competence of skills and considered asking my mentor to take over, however my mentor put me at ease by explaining that if the patient consented, then it would be fine to proceed with the injection in the upper arm. After the administration, the patient thanked me for not hurting her which immediately boosted my confidence and left me feeling extremely content with the knowledge that I had performed my first injection correctly. Reflection This essay will reflect upon an incident in practice when I administered a drug to a child. I will use Gibbs reflective model (Gibbs 1988)(see appendix 1). This model of reflection will be applied to the essay to facilitate critical thought and relating theory to practice where the model allows. Discussion on the incident will include the knowledge underpinning practice and the evidence base for the administration of the drug. A conclusion to the essay will then be given which will discuss my knowledge and competence of the incidence being reflected upon. The drug that I have chosen to reflect upon is Fragmin (see Drug Profile 1 Appendix 2) which was administered as a parenteral subcutaneous injection to a 14 year old girl, who shall remain anonymous for the purpose of patient confidentiality in accordance with the regulations of the NMC (2008). I have chosen to reflect on this drug as it was the first injection I had given during my training which encouraged me to further develop my knowledge within this area. The first stage of Gibbs model (1988) of reflection requires a description of events (see Appendix 3). The next stage of Gibbs (1988) reflective cycle is related to thoughts and feelings aroused during the event which I can use to reflect upon (see appendix 4). The third stage of Gibbs (1988) model of reflection encourages exploration of both positive and negative experiences encountered and I have chosen a few that I propose to discuss further within this reflection. Throughout the incident the correct hospital policy was followed by my mentor in relation to preparing and administering an injection. However I was not familiar with this policy which could have negatively affected my practice as Grey (2008) suggests, that when administering medication by the parenteral routes, familiarization with local drug administration policy is essential. The patient’s initial refusal of the injection into the abdomen made me think about the child’s rights in refusing to consent to the administration of a medication as I was aware that the law states that anyone under the age of 18 is a child (Children Act 1989, section 105) and as such there are certain matters with which they are not able to make their own decisions. The patient’s refusal to allow me to use the abdomen as an injection site also made me question my knowledge base on this subject, as I did not know where I would have injected in the abdomen if consent had been given. I also realized at that point that I have no knowledge on why different injection sites are used and for what purpose as studies suggest that the selection of the injection site will vary depending on the size and age of the child (Cocoman, 2008). It was only through my mentor’s guidance that I felt confident on allowing the change of the site. Stage four Gibbs (1988), is the critical analysis. After reflecting on this incident I will now analyse what I feel are the most important aspects by looking at the evidence underpinning it. References Cocoman, A. , & Barron, C. (2008). ‘Administering subcutaneous injections to children: what does the evidence say? ’ Journal of Children’s and Young People’s Nursing, 2 (2), pp: 84-89 Gray, T. , Miller H. (2008) ‘Injection technique’, The Foundation Years, 4 (6), pp: 252-255 Royal Cornwall Hospital NHS Trust: ‘Medicines Policy’ Available at: http://www. rcht. nhs. uk/DocumentsLibrary/RoyalCornwallHospitalsTrust/Clinical/Pharmacy/RulesAndGuidanceOnOrderingStoringAndAdministeringMedicines. df (accessed on 30/05/2011) Appendices Appendix 1 This model of reflection incorporates description, feelings, evaluation analysis, conclusion and an action plan (Gibbs 1988). Appendix 3 I was asked if I would like to administer a subcutaneous fragmin injection under supervision, to a 14 year old gir l. The medication was in a pre-prepared syringe in the clean prep room by following local hospital policy. However, on inspection of the injection, I did question the need for the air bubble within the syringe but was assured by my mentor that it is normal to find an air bubble in a pre-prepared syringe and to leave it there for administration. The medication was checked by another staff nurse in accordance to local policy and my mentor and I approached the patient. The patient was lying in bed with no relatives present and I asked consent before administration. The patient became a little distressed at this point and refused to have the injection in her abdomen saying it was too painful, however she did consent to me using her upper arm for the site and after onfirming this with my mentor I proceeded to administer the medication with no further complications. Appendix 4 My initial feeling after being asked to administer the Fragmin injection was apprehension, as I had not administered an injection before in practice. As I was administering it under the supervision of my mentor this made me feel very nervous and self conscious, however I also acknowledged the fact that I should appear confident and at ease in front of the patient as she was herself showing signs of distress. After the patient’s initial refusal I began to doubt my competence of skills and considered asking my mentor to take over, however my mentor put me at ease by explaining that if the patient consented, then it would be fine to proceed with the injection in the upper arm. After the administration, the patient thanked me for not hurting her which immediately boosted my confidence and left me feeling extremely content with the knowledge that I had performed my first injection correctly.

Personal Moral Essay

The personal moral that has the most impact on how I go about living my life is self-respect. Self-respect impacts my life in such a way that has guided me in the right direction and will continue to assist me in the positive direction as I go through life. Establishing self-respect resulted in creating my own identity that has been a foundation for my lifestyle. When I established that strong foundation of self-respect, I began to carry myself as a leader amongst my peers and not give in to common mistakes that come through acts of peer pressure. A sense of self-respect has also resulted in me effectively using my common sense and avoiding preventable and unnecessary errors. By valuing my self-respect, I can respect others and treat them with a sense of worth, as I would expect people to treat me. In order to be successful as a FBI agent, I must respect the multitude of diverse people, opinions, and circumstances that are present in the world. My self-respect has directed me to choose to surround myself with like-minded people who also have positive genuine attitudes, positive traits, and are working to establish and achieve their goals. Self-respect has assisted in my decision-making and problem solving processes. Because I value my self-respect, I have pride and dignity in everything I do. Self-respect is needed in my life’s journey towards independence. Self-respect is not an option for me but is a mandatory principle of my life. It allows me to be open to accepting various viewpoints and constructive criticism from others so that I can become mentally and morally secure and empowered. The enhancements that self-respect adds to the overall outcome of my life’s lessons are the significant influences that increase the gained benefits of my life’s experiences.

Governmental Parties essays

Governmental Parties essays The Federalist and Democratic-Republican parties fought for control over the government in the early 1800s. Although these two parties had great differences, they each had many supporters. Hamilton led the Federalist Party. The wealthy people made up the majority or his party's followers, and the businessmen in the cities made up the rest. They were called Hamiltonians. These people lived mostly in the eastern part of the union. On the other hand, Jefferson was the leader of the Democratic-Republican Party. Jeffersonians, or Jefferson's followers, were the common or middle class people. A larger number of these people lived in the west, in the newly settled lands. At this point in history, the Democratic-Republican Party was better suited to govern the states. The union needed a weak central government to allow the nation to grow. The government had to be governed by the people, and with a weak central government, they could have representation in it. Local affairs in the states could be handled easier if the states had a lot of power. The people were afraid of a tyranny or a dictatorship, and felt the central government should be weakened. A strict interpretation of the Constitution was needed in order to weaken the central government. Under the Federalists' rule, the government played partisan politics. The Federalists cared only about strengthening their party. One of the Presidents of this party was Adams. He passed the Alien and Sedition Acts in order to strengthen his party. The Sedition Act said that anyone who spoke against the government could be heavily fined and imprisoned. This directly contradicted the First Amendment of the Constitution. The alien Act dealt with immigrants. It said that immigrants would have to reside in the states for fourteen years to become citizens. Once Jefferson took office, he decided to go against some of his beliefs. Since it was in the best interest of the country. H...