Edge Detection Using Kirsch Algorithms

Edge Detection Using Kirsch Algorithms Image processing is the study of representation and manipulation of pictorial information. In Image Processing, an edge is the boundary between an object and its background. Therefore, if the edges of images objects can be identified with precision, all the objects can be located and their properties such as area, perimeter and shape can be calculated. Edge detection is an essential tool for image processing. Edge detection is the process of locating the edge pixels. Then an edge enhancement will increase the contrast between the edges and the background in such a way that edges become more visible. In the edge function, the Sobel method uses the derivative approximation to find edges. Therefore, it returns edges at those points where the gradient of the considered image is maximum. The Kirsch Edge module detects edges using eight compass filters. All eight filters are applied to the image with the maximum being retained for the final image. The eight filters are a rotation of a basic compass convolution filter (RoboRealm, 2006). The proposal is organized as follows. First, describe the research problems statement, Research Objective, Hypothesis, Delimitations, Assumptions, Terms, significant of the Research Problem, Literature Review session. Lastly the Research Methodology and Conclusion sections respectively. Research Problem Problem Statements As a human being, we could not notice the petite lines of an image. We could only recognize an enormous range of objects from just line images such cartoons. Besides, in Malaysian, it is acknowledge that there is no system to identify the edges of the local cars. They prefer to choose the human faces, geometric shapes or the environment image as their image research. So, by using edge detection techniques, the result of detected edges image could show us the lines or edges from the obvious lines to the tiniest lines of that certain image (Brendan McCane, 2001). For example, Prewit Edge Detector for detection of edges in digital images corrupted with different kinds of noise (Raman Maini, 2005). In the edge function, the Sobel method uses the derivative approximation to find edges where it returns edges at those points where the gradient of the considered image is maximum. The Kirsch Edge module detects edges using eight compass filters. All eight filters are applied to the image with the maximum being retained for the final image. The eight filters are a rotation of a basic compass convolution filter (RoboRealm, 2006). Research Objectives The objectives of this study are: 1) To identify edge detection of image processing system on Malaysian cars. 2) To be able to draw a bitmap result where edges are either in gray scaled or colored for enhancement of edges in an image. 3) To compare the edge detection methods to one another by using the Prewit Edge Detector, Sobel Edge Detector and Kirsch Edge Detector. 2.3 Hypothesis Believe that by implementing different edge detecting algorithms, verified images will be more exact and precise in terms of image accuracy and clarity. 2.4 Delimitations The edge detections will only be analyzing between Sobel, Prewit and Kirsch algoritms. The image processing edge detection does not contain any hierarchical structure but only groups of local cars images. 2.5 Assumptions The participants are familiar the basic knowledge of edge detection to ensure they realize what is happening during the experimental session. They are not trained to identify the difference between the 3 algorithms given to them All participants are at least two year experience in image processing activities to make sure that they could determine what the purpose of this research is. Terms Noise = amount of distortion of a pixel value against the frequency of images Thresholding = separates the pixels in ways that tend to preserve the boundaries Filter = Process by which we can enhance or otherwise modify images. 2.6 Research Significance The image of Malaysian cars will be captured as the input. The each of the images edges will be detected either by using the Prewit Edge Detector, Sobel Edge Detector or Kirsch Edge Detector. If the user chooses to see the output of Prewit Edge Detector, the result of detected edges will be appear on the panel and same goes to if they choose the Sobel Edge Detector or the Kirsch Edge Detector. They could choose all of the three edge detectors for more precise observation. The result also will be compare with the human views to get the similarity of edge detecting against it. Literature Review Introduction to Image Processing Edge Detection In Image Processing, an edge is the boundary between an object and its background. They represent the frontier for single objects. Therefore, if the edges of images objects can be identified with precision, all the objects can be located and their properties such as area, perimeter and shape can be calculated. Edge detection is an essential tool for image processing. Edge detection is the process of locating the edge pixels. Then an edge enhancement will increase the contrast between the edges and the background in such a way that edges become more visible. In addition, edge tracing is the process of following the edges, usually collecting the edge pixels into a list. In the edge function, the Sobel method uses the derivative approximation to find edges. Therefore, it returns edges at those points where the gradient of the considered image is maximum. The horizontal and vertical gradient matrices whose dimensions are 3-3 for the Sobel method has been generally used in the edge detection operations. In this work, a function is developed to find edges using the matrices whose dimensions are 5-5 in matlab (Shigeru A, 2000). Since edge detection is in the forefront of image processing for object detection, it is crucial to have a good understanding of edge detection algorithms. Prewit Edge Detector for detection of edges in digital images corrupted with different kinds of noise. Different kinds of noise are studied in order to evaluate the performance of the Prewitt Edge Detector (Raman Maini, 2005). The Kirsch Edge module detects edges using eight compass filters. All eight filters are applied to the image with the maximum being retained for the final image. The eight filters are a rotation of a basic compass convolution filter (RoboRealm, 2006). 3.2 Comparisons of Edge Detection Techniques a) Sobel Sobel edge detector using convolutions with row and column edge gradient masks (Percy S, 2001). Applies a 3-3 convolution filter row-wise in order to determine the gradient of the surrounding pixels. Pixel is a member of an edge if the intensity of it is greater than that of the members of its surrounding pixels. The Sobel edge detection filter uses the two 3-3 templates to calculate the gradient value. 1 2 1 -1 0 1 -1 -2 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 -1 -1 Figure 1: Sobel Algorithm X Y Original image Sobel Edge Detection Original image Figure 1.1: Sobel Edge Detection Output b) Prewit Prewit Edge Detector for detection of edges in digital images corrupted with different kinds of noise. Different kinds of noise are studied in order to evaluate the performance of the Prewit Edge Detector (Raman Maini, 2005). This is similar to the Sobel detector Operates under the same principle except that it uses a different (simpler) convolution kernel. -1 0 1 -1 0 1 -1 0 1The Prewitt edge detection filter uses the two 3-3 templates to calculate the gradient value. -1 -1 -1 0 0 0 1 1 1 Figure 2: Prewit Algorithm X Y Original image Prewitt Edge Detection Original image Figure 2.1: Prewit Edge Detection Output c) Kirsch The Kirsch Edge module detects edges using eight compass filters. All eight filters are applied to the image with the maximum being retained for the final image. The eight filters are a rotation of a basic compass convolution filter (Mike Heath, 2001).The filters are of the form: 5 5 5 -3 -3 -3 -3 -3 -3 5 -3 -3 5 -3 -3 5 -3 -3 Figure 3: Kirsch Algorithm X Y Original image Kirsch Edge Detection Original image Figure 3.1: Kirsch Edge Detection Output 3.3 Thresholding The idea of thresholding is to apply a boundary-finding method (such as edge detection), sample of the histogram that are only near where the boundary probability is high. The benefit of thresholding is to separates the pixels in ways that tend to preserve the boundaries. Besides that, other scattered distributions within the object or the background are irrelevant. But, the problems if the characteristics change along the boundary, it still no guarantee you wont have extraneous pixels or holes (IgorPro, 2006). The advantages of thresholding can be declared that it is simple to implement, fast especially if repeating on similar images and it is good for some kinds of images such as documents, controlled set-ups. The disadvantages of thresholding can be assume that it is usually not very good segmentation, there are no guarantees of object coherency such as they may have holes, extraneous pixels, and so on and there are connected component labeling can then be used to label separate foreground regions. METHODOLOGY This chapter provides methodology that used to develop text search engine prototype. Methodology is a study of methods, a set of procedures and selecting data. All of workflow involved in the implementation of this project is explained from the beginning to the end. Project Formulation Framework Figure 4: Overview of Project Formulation Framework Project Framework Summary Phase Objectives Deliverables Planning 1) To identify and understand potential problems. 2) Ensure goals, scope, budget, schedule, methods and tools are in place. 1) Define the problem statement, objectives, scope and contribution of study. 2) Collecting images of Malaysian cars. Analysis 1) Analyzing the system requirement. 2) Analyze the edge detection algorithms used for the system (Sobel, Prewit and Kirsch). 1) Prototype requirement and requirement model. 2) Identify the comparison of the algorithms chosen. Design 1) Design the prototype interface and the coding (classes and object). 2) Design function and algorithms. 1) System and Detailed design. 2)GUI interface Implementation 1) Translate design into code New application Testing 1)Pre-test and pro-test the application Test the application Data Collection The data collection is the most critical process in this project. As mentioned earlier, this study will only focus on Malaysian cars. Before developed the application tool, all information must be collected first. This stages involved data collection about sample of Malaysian car images and project requirements which are hardware and software requirements. The sample images of the car will be captured by using digital camera. The main hardware system in order to capture an image is the camera to grab the image of the cars. The images are in a bitmapped or digital image format. Besides that, this study also gathered information from internet. It was the greatest finding for this project. From internet, more information can be explored in detail such as about bitmapped image model, journals and articles about previous researches which related to this project the Malaysian cars itself and many more. 4.4 Prototype Development Throughout the development of the application, there were involving some steps. After all the information gathered, the development processes take place. Firstly, as an input the image of the Malaysian cars must be captured. A digital camera was used to acquire the images. There were 10 images of different category of Malaysian cars as samples for this project. In capturing the images, hardware system also involved. The camera will use to grab the image and the computer system will do the image processing and data analysis for the images. The images were scanned to convert them into digital form. Experiment and Procedure In the experimental task, the participants will be given the Malaysian car images. They will run the application by choosing different car images and test all the images to the different edge detection algorithm provided to them. The output which is the result of comparison between those 3 algorithms (Sobel, Prewitt and Kirsch) will be recorded. The user, based on his/her experience will determine the sharp, sharper and sharpest result of edge detected images from system. Here, they might recognize which edge detector is more accurate in image clarity capturing. The summary of the experiment is as follows; Pretest Participants choose Malaysian cars images and tryout them using the algorithms provided. Posttest /Treatment Participants evaluate the result which edge detection algorithm is the sharp, sharper or sharpest. Observation My experiment used one-group pretest and posttest design.7. The group participated in both pre-experiment evaluation and post-experiment evaluation sequentially. The design is represented as follows: Group Time Æ’Â   Group 1 Observation 1 (using Sobel Algorithm with and without thresholding) Observation 2 (using Prewit Algorithm with and without thresholding) Observation 3 (using Kirsch Algoritm with and without thresholding) Figure 5: Experimental design 7 Experimental Design Number 7: pretest and posttest design. Data Analyses After collecting all the data from their query results from the participants, we use the following standard criteria for evaluating retrieval for effectiveness of search are used . The keyword-based search and the ontology-based search have been evaluated using the following formula: Comparison of Edge Detectors Image Sharpness Based on Thresholding Value Bil Type of Malaysian Cars Sobel Prewit Kirsch 1 Perodua Kelisa Sharpest Sharper Sharp 2 Perodua Kenari Sharpest Sharper Sharp 3 Perodua Kembara Sharpest Sharper Sharp 4 Proton Wira Sharpest Sharper Sharp 5 Proton Waja Sharpest Sharp Sharper 6 Proton Satria Neo Sharpest Sharper Sharp 7 Perodua Kancil Sharpest Sharper Sharp 8 Proton Saga Aeroback Sharpest Sharp Sharper 9 Proton Satria Sharper Sharpest Sharp 10 Perodua Myvi Sharpest Sharper Sharp Table 1: Approximate image sharpness of the algorithms based on 10 of Malaysian car images Sharp Result (Percentage) Edge Detectors Sobel Prewit Kirsch 0/10*100 = 0% 2/10*100 = 20% 8/10*100 = 80% Table 2: Percentage for the Malaysian Cars Sharpness for sharp category Sharper Result (Percentage) Edge Detectors Sobel Prewit Kirsch 1/10*100 = 10% 7/10*100 = 70% 2/10*100 = 20% Table 3: Percentage for the Malaysian Cars Sharpness for sharper category Sharpest Result (Percentage) Edge Detectors Sobel Prewit Kirsch 9/10*100 = 90% 1/10*100 = 10% 0/10*100 =0% Table 4: Percentage for the Malaysian Cars Sharpness for sharpest category Figure 6: Histogram for the comparison result for precision According to the Figure 6, based on Table 2, Table 3 and Table 4, the sharp, sharper and sharpest result is based from the thresholding value of 60. In making this research, some important lesson or experience has been learned. After the project successfully developed and tested, the result from the testing is analyzed. The results are between human viewing and prototype viewing. By analysis and compare the results the accuracy of the project is determined. It also use as a measurement to the third objective of the project. If the project result is accurate, the third objective is successfully achieved. 5.3 Recommendation There are also some future expansions that can be done in order to improve this prototype. This prototype developed for computer platform only. This prototype can be developed in the PDA or handheld hand phone. Recommendation for future is the samples of Malaysian cars should be various because from that the result can be more accurate. 5.4 Conclusion There are many ways to perform edge detection. Various edge detection algorithms have been developed in the process of finding the perfect edge detector. Some of the edge detection operators that are discussed in this thesis are Prewitt, Sobel, and Kirsch operators. In this case, there are three criteria for optimal edge detections. First good detection where the optimal detector must minimize the probability of false positives, as well as that of false negatives. Second, good localization where the edges detected must be as close as possible to the true edges and finally, single response constraint where the detector must return one point only for each true edge point; that is, minimize the number of local maxima around the true edge (Trucco, 2006).

Psy 270 Depression Paper

Week 4 Assignment: Depression Paper Axia College of University of Phoenix Situational depression is a normal recurrence for many of us during our lifetimes. We have life events that trigger depression, stress and anxiety to include the death of a loved one, the unwanted change in our work status and possibly a divorce. Such changes in emotions are temporary and directly related to specific events are part of the way in which we respond to these changes. Outside these normal, healthy mood changes exists a world in which a small percentage of U.S. adults experience clinical depression. Clinical depression is a mental illness that is extreme enough that a person cannot function well in their daily lives. It may even cause the individual to be suicidal. Unipolar depression is the term ascribed to this condition (Comer, 2011). Symptoms of this illness are similar to those of mood disorder. The mood disorder is called bipolar disorder. In this assignment, I will compare causes, symptoms an d treatments of these two illnesses.The American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual describes unipolar depression as a significant depressive period that lasts more than two weeks during which the patient exhibits at least five depressive symptoms (Comer, 2011). Symptoms of depression include insomnia, daily bouts of depression, inability to concentrate on the task on hand, loss of appetite and a loss of interest in previously pleasurable activities and thoughts of suicide (Comer, 2011). Unipolar depression is thought to be caused by a combination of factors rather than being developed from one source or exposure.Depression is in part, a genetic biochemical imbalance of the neurotransmitters serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine in combination with stress. The institute details specific personality traits correlated with depression. Their studies revealed that individuals who show: 1. High levels of anxiety, which can be experienced as an internalize d anxious worrying style or as a more externalized irritability. 2. Shyness, expressed as social avoidance or personal reserve. 3. Self? criticism or low self? worth. 4. Interpersonal sensitivity. 5.Perfectionism. 6. A self? focused style is at higher risk for developing depression. A variety of therapies are used to treat unipolar depression with varying degrees of success and effectiveness. One treatment which is biological in nature that has proved very effective is also controversial because of its nature. This is Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). In ECT, the patient is subjected to induction of seizure through controlled electric shock, under anesthesia. The treatment process is not well understood and is, therefore, used only in severe cases.These cases may include delusion in extreme forms of the illness. ECT does tend to cause memory loss and is being used less frequently since the introduction of newer antidepressant drugs (Comer, 2011). The class of drugs used for antidepre ssant effects include three types. These are monoamine oxidase (MAOI) inhibitors, tricyclics and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). All three types of antidepressants are effective for patients with depression, but SSRIs are currently the preferred medication due to the smaller body of side effects these drugs have.SSRIs function by balancing the brain’s neurotransmitters. They increase serotonin and norepinephrine levels (Comer, 2011). Other treatment modalities are available as well. Drug treatments are most effective when used in combination with other treatments. Unipolar depression treatments are currently dominated by cognitive model therapies. The cognitive models have gained favor over other therapies, such as psychodynamic and behavioral models (Comer, 2011). The effectiveness rate for cognitive therapies is between 50% and 60% (Comer, 2011).Cognitive therapy is designed to re-educate patients to become aware of and alter their own negative thought patt erns and maladaptive behaviors. Four steps are employed in this model. The first step is when the individual is instructed to create a log of their daily schedule so that they can begin to become active again. This is intended to help them also regain their self-confidence. In the second step, the individual is told to write down the automatic negative thoughts they experience.In the third step, they can then look back on this list and learn to recognize that most, if not all, of these thoughts are unfounded and that this pattern of negative thinking becomes self fulfilling. The goal here is to refocus the person and to give them a new perspective that is self fulfilling in a positive way. The fourth and last step is when the clinician assists the individual in making changes to their maladaptive attitudes and behaviors that contributed to their depression (Comer, 2011). Bipolar disorder is the term applied to an individual’s condition when their mood swings drastically from mania to depression.The DSM indicates that there are two different types of bipolar disorders. In Type one an individual experiences daily severe depression for an extended period with these periods being by full blown manic episodes. In Type two bipolar disorder, the individual experiences the same depression as in Type one, but the subsequent manic phase is less severe (Comer, 2011). Research studies show that bipolar disorder is developed in the same way as depression. The treatments for bipolar disorder, however, vary greatly from those used to treat depression.In bipolar patients, antidepressants can trigger mania, so other drugs, singly or in combination are used for mania. Some of these drugs are lithium, carbamazepine and valporate (Comer, 2011) in combination with SSRI antidepressants, since SSRIs do not trigger mania as often. Research shows that psychotherapy alone will not effectively treat biopolar disorders. Lithium along is also not effective. Lithium dosages are diff icult to regulate in actual use and patients often discontinue the medication on their own (Comer, 2011).Adjunctive psychotherapy is used in conjunction with medications, in part to help the patient understand the value of their medication. The clinician will also work with the patient to help them cope with family, work and social issues that arise when bipolar disorder is experienced (Comer, 2011). These two types of disorders are caused in similar ways, but their treatments are quite different. References Comer, R. J. (2011). Fundamentals of abnormal psychology (6th ed. ). New York, NY: Worth.

Hamlet, By William Shakespeare - 1021 Words

Hamlet William Shakespeare wrote the tragic play Hamlet at the end of the sixteenth century. It is a story of tragedy, love, grievance, revenge and many other things. Hamlet, in this story, explores the explanations of who he is, seeking truth and understanding of the happenings of his father’s death and trying to find his true love but most of all himself. Most of all, his care and love goes out to his father and the suitable reasoning behind his death. Avenging his father’s death he puts himself in a situation that causes an apparent gloomy state of mind but also drives him absolutely mad at the same time. Hamlet believes that his uncle, Claudius, has killed his father for the spot on the throne and with Hamlets mother, Queen Gertrude. It breaks Hamlet’s heart that his mother could be in such isolation to remarry after such a tragic event in both of their lives. Hamlet often finds he is bitter over this situation but in the end, he will prove to be an exce edingly thorough character. Hamlet seeks revenge on Claudius, his uncle, because he believes that he killed Hamlet’s father in order to be with Hamlet’s mother and reign as King of Denmark. Hamlet is a university student whose hobbies are trying to figure out difficult philosophical questions. He never knew that he would be trying to figure out one of his own. Hamlet returns home after the news of his father’s death to find out there is some type of soiled play going on in the situation. Prince Hamlet hasShow MoreRelatedHamlet, By William Shakespeare880 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Shakespeare is praised as the pioneering English poet and playwright whose collection of theatrical works is regarded as the greatest artistic value throughout the history of English literature. 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Businesses and Corporations - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1091 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/02/20 Category Law Essay Level High school Tags: Intellectual Property Essay Did you like this example? Businesses and corporations are often founded with hope of making a profit in the long run. For profit businesses main goal seems to be just this. However, no matter how great an idea may be or seem, without shareholders and consumers, the business cannot be successful. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Businesses and Corporations" essay for you Create order This is why the balance of business needs and consumer needs is important. Without the consumer, the company cannot continue to exist, must less prosper. Kanter has set out to argue just this and to encourage companies change the way they view their assets â€Å"Great companies work to make money, of course, but in their choices of how to do so, they think about building enduring institutions. They invest in the future while being aware of the need to build people and society† (Kanter, 2011, p.68). Kanter realizes that consumers need to be valued and put at the core focus in order for a company to thrive. Apple and Samsung walk a fine line between intellectual property integrity and increasing prices for their product. There is a tension between the creator and consumer of intellectual property. The purpose of intellectual property is it is created for consumers to use, however the creator wants to remain the sole proprietor of the property. The creator can obtain a patent but patents are only good for so long, ensuring the original creator sole proprietorship for a timed period. Both parties want to benefit, so how do we balance this so all parties remain content while maintaining fairness. In figuring out how to find this balance keep the Bible in mind â€Å" Command them to do good, to be rich in good deeds, and to be generous and willing to share† (1 Timothy 6:18, New International Version). With this in mind we, creator and consumer alike, may better be able to find a plausible solution. It holds true the inventor or creator of property has a right to profit from it. One way to resolve some of the tension created between consumer and creator is through a rewards system. It is costly to create tangible intellectual property. In order for this process to be worth it to the owners and shareholders there has to be compensation for these costs. Through patents, trademarks, and other property rights systems the creators are better able to protect themselves against stolen intellectual property without completely excluding others. With a reward system properly put in place â€Å"the creator of intellectual property is compensated for the cost of creation, but because the creator has no right to exclude others from access to the property, the price is forced down to marginal cost by competition from copiers† (Posner, 2005, p. 58-59). Looking to the ongoing issues between Apple and Samsung we can see this put into action. Each company continues to develop new technolog y in order to compete with one another. It seems these companies are constantly coming up with new ideas and new property to add to their technology and offer consumers. However, like the case in our text, sometimes the lines become blurred as to whether the ideas are original enough to be called their own. This competition is what drives new ideas while keeping the cost of the intellectual property down for the average consumer. Keeping in mind the rewards system previously discussed, owners and shareholders will be able to make a profit, or return on their investments, so long as they keep positive relations with consumers. While it is important to make the consumers of your property feel safe to use it, the creator must also protect their property. There are several things that can be used to protect such property including trademarks, copyrights, and patents. While these things are useful in protecting a creator’s sole ownership of their creative property, they can be costly. Successful intellectual property is good for the economy, however, due to its success; it is also of interest to criminals. Violations of intellectual property is harmful not only to the creator and the economy but also to the consumers â€Å"Criminal violations of IP rights have potential negative effects for U.S. innovation and investment, on the value and reputation of individual companies, and for consumers who are put at risk by substandard or dangerous products† (GAO-11-39). It is important to stop these criminals before they get started through proper protection such as trademark and trade dress. It is said t hat counterfeit products are on the rise in areas including medicine, infant formula, and auto parts, amongst others (GAO-11-39). If tampered with, these products could be dangerous to society and patients alike, as well as practitioners who may get wrongfully blamed for the prescription of an unknown counterfeit product. To help protect all of those involved there are now eight federal agencies responsible for protecting these intellectual properties, along with the entities that fall under them (GAO-11-39). These entities have a duty to protect the community and creator from such wrongdoers. Those who do harm to others need to be condemned. In a Biblical scope â€Å"Is it not ruin for the wicked, disaster for those who do wrong?† (Job 31:3, New International Version). It is natural for humans to sin no matter how hard we may strive to live as Jesus did we humans are not perfect. The Lord knows this, hence sacrificing his son for us. However those who do wrong, know they are doing wrong, and deserve to be punished accordingly. In order to protect consumers and creators alike these 8 entities must attack before we are attacked. To summarize business must remember the consumers are at least as important as the product, if not more important, as consumers generate a profit, continuing the existence of the company. To protect their property creators can seek copyrights, patents, and trademarks along with trade dress for consumers to easily recognize the correct product. With appropriate trade dress practitioners, patients, and society will better able notice when something is off, pointing to counterfeit or pirated goods. However obtaining a patent is an expensive, yet necessary, in the creation of intellectual property. Therefore in order for the creator to profit from their property, a rewards system needs to be put in place. Such a reward system must compensate these costs while maintaining a realistic price point for consumers. There are many evils in the world tempting all of us each day. Through all of this we must keep a Biblical worldview and pursue the light, rather than the darkness â€Å"Whoever pu rsues righteousness and love finds life, prosperity, and honor† (Proverbs 21:21, New International Version).